1z0-1122-23 Exam Dumps - Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Certification Questions and Answers

Text to speech (TTS) is an AI task that involves audio generation from text. TTS is a technology that converts text into spoken audio using natural sounding voices. TTS can read aloud any text data, such as PDFs, websites, books, emails, etc., and provide an auditory format for accessing written content. TTS can be helpful for anyone who needs to listen to text data for various reasons, such as accessibility, convenience, multitasking, learning, entertainment, etc. TTS uses different techniques and models to generate speech from text data, such as:

• Concatenative synthesis: Combining pre-recorded segments of human speech based on the phonetic units of the text.
• Parametric synthesis: Generating speech signals from acoustic parameters derived from the text using statistical models.
• Neural synthesis: Using deep neural networks to learn the mapping between text and speech features and produce high-quality speech signals.
• Expressive synthesis: Adding emotions or styles to the speech output to make it more natural and engaging. References: : Text-to-Speech AI: Lifelike Speech Synthesis | Google Cloud, Text-to-speech synthesis - Wikipedia

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are a type of deep learning algorithm that can process sequential data, such as sentences, speech, or time series. They are composed of recurrent units that have a loop that allows them to store information from previous inputs and pass it to the next inputs. This way, they can capture the temporal dependencies and context within a sequence. RNNs can be used for various natural language processing tasks, such as text generation, machine translation, sentiment analysis, speech recognition, etc. However, RNNs also suffer from some limitations, such as vanishing or exploding gradients, difficulty in modeling long-term dependencies, and high computational cost. Therefore, some variants and extensions of RNNs have been proposed to overcome these challenges, such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Bidirectional RNN (BiRNN), Attention Mechanism, etc. References: : [Recurrent neural network - Wikipedia], [What are Recurrent Neural Networks? | IBM], [Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) in Machine Learning]

Multi-class classification is a type of supervised learning algorithm that is required in this scenario because the output variable has more than two classes. Multi-class classification is the problem of classifying instances into one of three or more classes. For example, classifying patients into low risk, moderate risk, or high risk based on their medical history and vital signs is a multi-class classification problem because each patient can only belong to one of these three classes. Multi-class classification can be solved by using various algorithms, such as decisiontrees, random forests, support vector machines (SVMs), k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), naive Bayes, logistic regression, neural networks, etc. Some of these algorithms can naturally handle multi-class problems, while others need to be adapted by using strategies such as one-vs-one or one-vs-rest. References: : Multiclass classification - Wikipedia, Multiclass Classification- Explained in Machine Learning

Fine-tuning is the process of updating the model parameters on a new task and dataset, using a pre-trained large language model as the starting point. Fine-tuning allows the model to adapt to the specific context and domain of the new task, and improve its performance and accuracy. Fine-tuning can be used to customize the model’s capabilities for specific tasks such as text classification, named entity recognition, and machine translation82. Fine-tuning is alsoknown as transfer learning or task-based learning. References: A Complete Guide to Fine Tuning Large Language Models, Finetuning Large Language Models - DeepLearning.AI

Reinforcement learning is a type of machine learning that is based on learning from outcomes to make decisions. Reinforcement learning algorithms learn from their own actions and experiences in an environment, rather than from labeled data or explicit feedback. The goal of reinforcement learning is to find an optimal policy that maximizes a cumulative reward over time. A policy is a rule that determines what action to take ineach state of the environment. A reward is a feedback signal that indicates how good or bad an action was for achieving a desired objective. Reinforcement learning involves a trial-and-error process of exploring different actions and observing their consequences, and then updating the policy accordingly. Some of the challenges and components of reinforcement learning are:

• Exploration vs exploitation: Balancing between trying new actions that might lead to higher rewards in the future (exploration) and choosing known actions that yield immediate rewards (exploitation).
• Markov decision process (MDP): A mathematical framework for modeling sequential decision making problems under uncertainty, where the outcomes depend only on the current state and action, not on the previous ones.
• Value function: A function that estimates the expected long-term return of each state or state-action pair, based on the current policy.
• Q-learning: A popular reinforcement learning algorithm that learns a value function called Q-function, which represents the quality of taking a certain action in a certain state.
• Deep reinforcement learning: A branch of reinforcement learning that combines deep neural networks with reinforcement learning algorithms to handle complex and high-dimensional problems, such as playing video games or controlling robots. References: : Reinforcement learning - Wikipedia, What is Reinforcement Learning? – Overview of How it Works - Synopsys

Large language models are trained on massive amounts of data to capture the complexity and diversity of natural language. Larger model sizes mean more parameters, which enable the model to learn more patterns and nuances from the data. Larger models also tend to generalize better to new tasks and domains. However, larger models also require more computational resources, data quality, and data size to train and deploy. Therefore, large language models handle the trade-off by prioritizing larger model sizes to achieve better performance, while using various techniques to optimize the training and inference efficiency4. References: Artificial Intelligence (AI) | Oracle

Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Speech is an AI service that applies automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology to transform audio-based content into text. Developers can easily make API calls to integrate Speech’s pretrained models into their applications. Speech can be used for accurate, text-normalized, time-stamped transcription via the console and REST APIs as well as command-line interfaces or SDKs. You can also use Speech in an OCI Data Science notebook session. With Speech, you can filter profanities, get confidence scores for both single words and complete transcriptions, and more1. References: Speech AI Service that Uses ASR | OCI Speech - Oracle

 In-context learning is a technique that leverages the ability of large language models to learn from a few input-output examples provided in the input prompt. By conditioning on these examples, the model can infer the task and the format of the desired output, and generate a suitable response. In-context learning does not require any additional training or fine-tuning of the model, and can be used for various tasks such as text summarization, question answering, text generation, and more45. In-context learning is also known as few-shot learning or prompt-based learning. References: [2307.12375] In-Context Learning in Large Language Models Learns Label …](https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.12375), [2307.07164] Learning to Retrieve In-Context Examples for Large Language Models] (https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.07164)

Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that enables computers to learn from data and experience without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning algorithms can adapt to new data and situations and improve their performance over time2. References: Artificial Intelligence (AI) | Oracle