EMT Exam Dumps - NREMT Medical Technicians Questions and Answers

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Clavicle deformity suggests potential rib or thoracic trauma. Unequal chest rise may indicate a flail segment, pneumothorax, or hemothorax. Subcutaneous emphysema, the presence of air under the skin, is a classic finding in pneumothorax or tracheobronchial injury.

Occipital depression is not chest related; epigastric distension is a GI symptom; and jugular vein distention would suggest tension pneumothorax or cardiac tamponade, which are more advanced complications.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

After ROSC in an unresponsive patient, the left lateral recumbent position (also called the recovery position) is preferred to:

Maintain an open airway

Prevent aspiration if vomiting occurs

Promote drainage of secretions

Supine or Trendelenburg positions increase the risk of aspiration. Elevating the head to 45° may reduce intracranial pressure, but it’s not standard post-ROSC care in an unresponsive patient unless airway protection is ensured.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (Based on NREMT standards):

This scenario strongly suggests a hazardous environment involving chemical crowd-control agents such as tear gas or pepper spray. During the scene survey, NREMT prioritizes scene safety, hazard recognition, and incident size-up before any patient contact.

Option D (Determine the control agent being used) is correct because identifying the chemical agent helps determine the level of risk, appropriate personal protective equipment, and whether EMS can safely operate in the area.

Option E (Identify the number of patients) is correct because determining the number of patients is essential for assessing the scope of the incident and requesting additional resources if needed.

Option A is incorrect because removing restraints is not part of the initial scene survey and must be coordinated with law enforcement.

Option B is incorrect because patient decontamination occurs only after scene safety is ensured.

Option C is not a priority until hazards are identified and the scene is safe.

NREMT teaches that EMTs must never compromise their own safety and must fully assess hazards before providing care.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Given fall with head trauma and absent respirations, the most concerning cause is spinal injury, particularly a cervical spine fracture. A high cervical injury (C1–C4) can paralyze the diaphragm, leading to apnea despite a beating heart.

Brain herniation can also depress respirations but often presents with unequal pupils, posturing, and Cushing’s triad (not described here). Commotio cordis is sudden cardiac arrest from blunt chest trauma (not head). Open pneumothorax affects chest mechanics, not directly linked here.

Appearance (Skin Color): → 2 points

The neonate is completely pink.

APGAR criteria:

0 = blue/pale

1 = pink body, blue extremities

2 = completely pink

Pulse (Heart Rate): → 2 points

Heart rate is 108/min.

APGAR criteria:

0 = absent

1 = < 100/min

2 = ≥ 100/min

Activity (Muscle Tone): → 1 point

The neonate has some flexion of extremities, but not active motion.

APGAR criteria:

0 = limp

1 = some flexion

2 = active motion

Respirations: → 1 point

Breathing is slow, not strong crying.

APGAR criteria:

0 = absent

1 = slow or irregular respirations

2 = strong cry

Total APGAR Score at 5 Minutes: 6 / 10

Interpretation (NREMT-based):

A score of 6 indicates the newborn requires continued supportive care, such as warming, positioning, stimulation, and close monitoring.

No immediate chest compressions are indicated because the heart rate is >100/min.

Respiratory effort should continue to be assessed closely.

This scoring aligns with NREMT neonatal assessment and APGAR scoring guidelines used for evaluating newborn transition after birth.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (Based on NREMT standards):

For a conscious adult with complete airway obstruction, abdominal thrusts are typically indicated. However, NREMT guidelines specify that chest thrusts should be used instead for patients who are morbidly obese or pregnant, because abdominal thrusts may be ineffective or unsafe.

Option D is correct because chest thrusts provide effective airway clearance while accommodating body habitus.

Options A and B are inappropriate for a conscious patient.

Option C is incorrect because abdominal thrusts may not be effective in morbidly obese patients.

NREMT stresses modifying airway obstruction techniques based on patient size and condition.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (Based on NREMT standards):

In pediatric patients, NREMT guidelines require EMTs to check a pulse before initiating CPR when the patient is unresponsive and not breathing. For infants, the appropriate pulse check site is the brachial artery, assessed for no more than 10 seconds.

Option D is correct because determining whether a pulse is present guides whether rescue breathing or full CPR is required.

Option B is only appropriate if a pulse is present.

Option C is indicated only if no pulse is found or if the heart rate is below 60 with signs of poor perfusion.

Option A delays critical resuscitative care.

NREMT stresses strict adherence to pediatric resuscitation sequences to ensure appropriate and timely intervention.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (Based on NREMT standards):

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is used in patients with moderate to severe respiratory distress who are conscious and able to maintain their airway. NREMT guidelines identify specific respiratory conditions where CPAP improves oxygenation and ventilation.

Option A (Chronic bronchitis) is correct because CPAP helps overcome airway collapse and improves gas exchange in COPD patients.

Option B (Pulmonary edema) is correct because CPAP reduces preload and afterload while forcing fluid out of alveoli, improving oxygenation.

Option C (Acute bronchospasms) is correct because CPAP helps splint open airways and reduce work of breathing.

Option D is incorrect because CPAP is not used for isolated myocardial infarction without respiratory failure.

Option E is contraindicated because positive pressure can worsen a pneumothorax.

Option F is contraindicated due to airway burns and potential inhalation injury.

NREMT stresses proper patient selection to prevent CPAP-related complications.

According to NREMT guidelines and standard EMS ethics, a competent adult patient has the legal right to refuse any portion of medical care, including spinal immobilization, as long as they demonstrate decision-making capacity. In this scenario, the patient is refusing one specific intervention (the cervical collar), not transportation or overall care. Therefore, EMS providers must respect the patient’s autonomy while continuing to act in the patient’s best interest.

Option A is correct because the appropriate action is to clearly document the patient’s informed refusal of the cervical collar and continue transport. Documentation should include the patient’s mental status, orientation, explanation of risks provided, the patient’s understanding of those risks, and the patient’s explicit refusal. This protects both the patient and the EMS provider legally and ethically.

Option B is incorrect because restraining a patient to force treatment constitutes assault and battery unless the patient lacks decision-making capacity or poses an immediate danger to themselves or others. There is no indication in the question that the patient is incompetent or combative.

Option C is incorrect because the patient has not refused all care—only spinal immobilization. Abandoning care by leaving the scene would violate EMS duty to act once patient contact has been established.

Option D is incorrect because withholding transport unless the patient complies is coercive and unethical. EMS providers must not threaten or pressure patients into accepting treatment.

In summary, NREMT emphasizes patient rights, informed consent, and thorough documentation. Transporting the patient while documenting refusal of immobilization is the safest, most professional, and legally sound course of action.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Pertinent negatives are findings that are not present, but would be clinically relevant if they were. For example:

“No neck or back pain” helps rule out spinal injury

“No loss of consciousness” informs head trauma assessment

Statements about behavior or initial refusal (B, E) may be documented under patient behavior or refusal, but they are not pertinent negatives. Positive findings like abdominal tenderness are pertinent positives.