MLA-C01 Exam Dumps - Amazon Web Services AWS Certified Associate Questions and Answers

Amazon SageMaker AI automatically collects aggregated metadata from training jobs to improve service reliability, performance, and operational insights. This metadata can include information such as algorithm usage, instance types, resource utilization, and job configuration details. However, AWS documentation clearly states that customers can opt out of SageMaker metadata collection to meet regulatory or compliance requirements.

SageMaker provides a supported mechanism to disable metadata tracking at the training job level. By explicitly opting out of metadata tracking when submitting training jobs—either through the AWS Management Console, AWS CLI, or SDK—the service will stop collecting aggregated metadata for those jobs. This option is specifically designed for customers with strict compliance, data residency, or regulatory constraints.

Option B is incorrect because running training jobs in a private subnet within a custom VPC controls network isolation, not service-level telemetry or metadata collection. Metadata collection occurs at the SageMaker service layer and is independent of VPC configuration.

Option C is also incorrect because encrypting training data with a customer-managed AWS KMS key protects data at rest and in transit but does not prevent SageMaker from collecting operational metadata about training jobs.

Option D is incorrect because AWS Nitro instances provide enhanced security and performance isolation at the infrastructure level but have no impact on SageMaker’s metadata collection mechanisms.

Therefore, opting out of metadata tracking for training jobs is the only solution that directly addresses the compliance requirement and is explicitly supported by AWS documentation.

AWS ML best practices recommend A/B testing to validate model improvements in production while minimizing risk. By routing a controlled portion of live traffic (for example, 20%) to the new model and keeping the majority of traffic on the existing model, the company can directly compare real-world performance using the same data distribution.

This approach allows statistically meaningful comparison of business metrics such as customer retention, rather than relying solely on offline accuracy. It also limits potential negative impact if the new model underperforms in production.

Deploying the new model to 100% of traffic (Option A) introduces unnecessary risk. Offline analysis (Option C) does not reflect live user behavior. Alternating deployments (Option D) introduces confounding factors such as time-based effects.

Therefore, A/B testing is the correct solution.

Apache Parquet is a columnar storage file format optimized for complex and large datasets. It provides efficient reading and processing by accessing only the required columns, which reduces I/O and speeds up data handling. This makes it ideal for use with Amazon SageMaker Canvas, where minimizing processing time is important for training ML models. Parquet is also compatible with S3 and widely supported in data analytics and ML workflows.

This is a classic class imbalance problem, where fraudulent transactions (minority class) are severely underrepresented. AWS documentation for SageMaker Data Wrangler recommends SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique) as an effective approach for improving model performance in such scenarios.

SMOTE generates synthetic minority samples by interpolating between existing minority class examples. This improves the model’s ability to learn decision boundaries without simply duplicating data, which can cause overfitting.

Random undersampling removes valuable majority class data, reducing overall model robustness. Random oversampling duplicates data and increases overfitting risk. Changing algorithms does not address the root cause.

AWS best practices highlight SMOTE as the preferred technique for fraud detection and other highly imbalanced datasets.

Therefore, Option C is the correct and AWS-verified answer.

Step 1:

Create a Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) baseline for the model by using Amazon SageMaker Clarify.

Step 2:

Schedule an hourly model explainability monitor.

Step 3:

Check the analysis results on the SageMaker Studio console.

When monitoring a deployed model for data drift and explainability, AWS prescribes a specific workflow using SageMaker Clarify and SageMaker Model Monitor:

Create a SHAP baseline (Step 1)Before any monitoring can occur, SageMaker Clarify must establish a baseline explainability configuration. This baseline captures the reference SHAP values for feature importance using training or baseline data. Model Monitor uses this baseline to compare future inferences and detect drift in feature attributions.

Schedule the model explainability monitor (Step 2)After the baseline is created, an explainability monitoring schedule must be configured (hourly in this case). The monitor periodically analyzes inference data, compares it against the SHAP baseline, and generates reports that highlight drift or anomalies in feature contributions.

Inspect results in SageMaker Studio (Step 3)Once monitoring jobs run, SageMaker stores the analysis results in Amazon S3 and surfaces them in the SageMaker Studio console, where engineers can review metrics, violations, and visual reports.

This sequence is mandatory because:

A monitor cannot run without a baseline

Results cannot be reviewed until the monitor executes

Amazon SageMaker automatically tracks the Invocations metric, which represents the number of API calls made to the endpoint, in Amazon CloudWatch. By adding this metric to a CloudWatch dashboard, you can monitor the endpoint's activity in real-time. Setting up a CloudWatch alarm allows the system to send notifications whenever the API call events exceed the defined threshold, meeting both the monitoring and notification requirements efficiently.

Amazon Transcribe is well-suited for converting audio data into text, including Spanish.

Amazon Translate can efficiently translate Spanish text into English if needed.

Amazon Bedrock, with the Jurassic model, is designed for tasks like text summarization and can handle large language models (LLMs) seamlessly. This combination provides a low-code, managed solution to process audio, video, and text data with minimal time and effort.

By creating IAM policies with specific permissions, you can restrict access to Amazon S3 buckets or objects based on the user's business group. These policies can be attached to IAM users or IAM roles associated with the ML engineers, ensuring that each engineer can only access training data belonging to their group. This approach is secure, scalable, and aligns with AWS best practices for access control.

SageMaker script mode allows ML engineers to bring existing training scripts written for frameworks such as PyTorch and TensorFlow directly into SageMaker with minimal changes. AWS documentation explicitly states that script mode is designed to support migration of existing ML workloads.

With script mode, the user provides a custom training script, and SageMaker handles infrastructure provisioning, distributed training, logging, and model artifact storage. This makes script mode ideal for companies that want to reuse established codebases without rewriting them.

Built-in algorithms require adopting AWS-provided implementations. SageMaker Canvas is a no-code tool, and JumpStart provides pretrained models and templates but does not focus on custom script reuse.

Therefore, Option D is the correct and AWS-recommended choice.

This scenario indicates overfitting. AWS documentation for XGBoost recommends increasing the L2 regularization parameter (lambda) to reduce overfitting and improve generalization.

Increasing num_round worsens overfitting. Changing evaluation metrics does not change model behavior. Collecting more data is effective but requires significant effort.

Regularization is a low-effort, high-impact fix.

Therefore, Option D is correct.