MLA-C01 Exam Dumps - Amazon Web Services AWS Certified Associate Questions and Answers

The key requirements are real-time processing, high throughput, and minimal operational overhead. Amazon Kinesis Data Streams is designed for ingesting thousands of events per second with low latency.

For anomaly detection on streaming data, Amazon Managed Service for Apache Flink provides a built-in Random Cut Forest (RCF) function. RCF is an unsupervised anomaly detection algorithm that works well on numerical streaming data and does not require labeled training data.

This fully managed combination eliminates the need to deploy or maintain SageMaker endpoints, EC2 instances, or custom ML pipelines. Options B and C introduce unnecessary infrastructure and model management overhead. Option D is batch-oriented and unsuitable for real-time anomaly detection.

Therefore, using Kinesis Data Streams with Flink’s built-in Random Cut Forest is the most scalable and low-overhead solution.

For cross-account Amazon S3 access, AWS requires two components:

An S3 bucket policy in the owning account (Account A) that grants access to a principal in another account

An IAM role policy in the consuming account (Account B) that allows the service to access the bucket

Amazon SageMaker training jobs assume an IAM role in the account where the job runs—in this case, Account B. Therefore, the IAM policy must be attached to the SageMaker execution role in Account B.

The S3 bucket policy must reside in Account A because bucket policies are owned and enforced by the bucket owner. This policy explicitly allows the IAM role from Account B to read the training data.

Any other combination fails either because the policy is in the wrong account or because the role is not the one used by SageMaker.

AWS documentation clearly describes this pattern as the correct way to grant cross-account access for SageMaker training jobs.

Therefore, Option B is the correct and AWS-aligned solution.

When running consecutive training jobs in Amazon SageMaker, infrastructure provisioning can introduce latency, as each job typically requires the allocation and setup of compute resources. To minimize this startup time and enhance efficiency, Amazon SageMaker offers Managed Warm Pools.

Key Features of Managed Warm Pools:

Reduced Latency: Reusing existing infrastructure significantly reduces startup time for training jobs.

Configurable Retention Period: Allows retention of resources after training jobs complete, defined by the KeepAlivePeriodInSeconds parameter.

Automatic Matching: Subsequent jobs with matching configurations (e.g., instance type) can reuse retained infrastructure.

Implementation Steps:

Request Warm Pool Quota Increase: Increase the default resource quota for warm pools through AWS Service Quotas.

Configure Training Jobs:

Set KeepAlivePeriodInSeconds for the first training job to retain resources.

Ensure subsequent jobs match the retained pool's configuration to enable reuse.

Monitor Warm Pool Usage: Track warm pool status through the SageMaker console or API to confirm resource reuse.

Considerations:

Billing: Resources in warm pools are billable during the retention period.

Matching Requirements: Jobs must have consistent configurations to use warm pools effectively.

Alternative Options:

Managed Spot Training: Reduces costs by using spare capacity but doesn’t address startup latency.

SageMaker Training Compiler: Optimizes training time but not infrastructure setup.

SageMaker Distributed Data Parallelism Library: Enhances training efficiency but doesn’t reduce setup time.

By using Managed Warm Pools, the company can significantly reduce startup latency for consecutive training jobs, ensuring faster experimentation cycles with minimal operational overhead.

AWS Documentation: Managed Warm Pools

AWS Blog: Reduce ML Model Training Job Startup Time

The described behavior—strong performance on training data but poor performance in production—is a classic sign of overfitting. AWS documentation for Amazon SageMaker Object2Vec highlights early stopping as a key regularization technique to prevent models from learning noise in the training data.

The early_stopping_patience hyperparameter controls how many additional epochs the training job will run after the validation loss stops improving. Decreasing this value causes training to stop earlier, reducing the chance that the model overfits to the training dataset.

Option B increases batch size, which may improve training efficiency but does not directly address overfitting. Option C decreases the dropout rate, which actually increases overfitting risk, since dropout is a regularization mechanism. Option D increases epochs, which further worsens overfitting.

AWS best practices emphasize early stopping combined with validation metrics as one of the most effective ways to maintain generalization performance in neural embedding models such as Object2Vec.

Therefore, Option A is the correct and AWS-aligned solution.

Accuracy measures the proportion of correctly predicted labels (both positive and negative) out of the total predictions. It is the appropriate metric when the goal is to maximize the correct predictions of both positive and negative labels. However, it assumes that the classes are balanced; if the classes are imbalanced, other metrics like precision, recall, or specificity may be more relevant depending on the specific needs.

This scenario clearly describes an overfitting problem. The neural network performs well on training data but fails to generalize to evaluation data. According to AWS Machine Learning and deep learning best practices, overfitting occurs when a model learns noise or overly specific patterns in the training data instead of generalizable relationships.

L1 and L2 regularization are well-established techniques to combat overfitting. They work by penalizing large weight values during optimization, effectively constraining the model’s complexity. L1 regularization encourages sparsity, while L2 regularization (weight decay) smooths the weight distribution. AWS documentation recommends regularization as a primary method for improving generalization when a model shows a large gap between training and evaluation performance.

Option B is incorrect because removing dropout layers would increase overfitting, not reduce it. Dropout is itself a regularization technique.

Option C would likely worsen overfitting, as training for more epochs allows the model to memorize the training data even further.

Option D increases model complexity, which again exacerbates overfitting rather than resolving it.

Therefore, penalizing large weights using L1 or L2 regularization is the correct solution.

In a Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) architecture, retrieval quality directly impacts response accuracy. AWS documentation for Bedrock and OpenSearch highlights the use of reranker models to improve relevance after initial vector search retrieval.

Vector search retrieves documents based on embedding similarity, but the top results are not always the most contextually relevant. A reranker model evaluates the retrieved documents against the user query and reorders them based on semantic relevance before sending them to the foundation model.

Option A improves readability but does not improve retrieval relevance. Option C filters data before retrieval, which can reduce recall. Option D improves performance, not relevance.

AWS explicitly recommends reranking as a best practice for improving answer quality in RAG systems.

Therefore, Option B is the correct solution.

Using custom tags allows you to organize and categorize models in the SageMaker Model Registry without altering their existing groupings or affecting the integrity of the model artifacts. Tags are a lightweight and scalable way to improve model discoverability at scale, enabling the data scientists to filter and identify models by category (e.g., computer vision, NLP, speech recognition). This approach meets the requirements efficiently without introducing structural changes to the existing model registry setup.

SageMaker Clarify is designed to provide explainability for ML models. It can analyze feature importance and explain how input features influence the model's predictions. By using Clarify with the deployed SageMaker model, the ML engineer can generate insights and present them to stakeholders to explain the sentiment analysis predictions effectively.

Step 1: Create a feature group.

Step 2: Ingest the records.

Step 3: Access the store to build datasets for training.

Step 1: Create a Feature Group

Why? A feature group is the foundational unit in SageMaker Feature Store, where features are defined, stored, and organized. Creating a feature group specifies the schema (name, data type) for the features and the primary keys for data identification.

How? Use the SageMaker Python SDK or AWS CLI to define the feature group by specifying its name, schema, and S3 storage location for offline access.

Step 2: Ingest the Records

Why? After creating the feature group, the raw data must be ingested into the Feature Store. This step populates the feature group with data, making it available for both real-time and offline use.

How? Use the SageMaker SDK or AWS CLI to batch-ingest historical data or stream new records into the feature group. Ensure the records conform to the feature group schema.

Step 3: Access the Store to Build Datasets for Training

Why? Once the features are stored, they can be accessed to create training datasets. These datasets combine relevant features into a single format for machine learning model training.

How? Use the SageMaker Python SDK to query the offline store or retrieve real-time features using the online store API. The offline store is typically used for batch training, while the online store is used for inference.

Order Summary:

Create a feature group.

Ingest the records.

Access the store to build datasets for training.

This process ensures the features are properly managed, ingested, and accessible for model training using Amazon SageMaker Feature Store.