Scenario 2:
MHospital, founded in 2005 in Metropolis, has become a healthcare industry leader with over 2,000 dedicated employees known for its commitment to qualitative medical services and patient care innovation. With the rise of cyberattacks targeting healthcare institutions, MHospital acknowledged the need for a comprehensive cyber strategy to mitigate risks effectively and ensure patient safety and data security. Hence, it decided to implement the NIS 2 Directive requirements. To avoid creating additional processes that do not fit the company’s context and culture, MHospital decided to integrate the Directive’s requirements into its existing processes. To initiate the implementation of the Directive, the company decided to conduct a gap analysis to assess the current state of the cybersecurity measures against the requirements outlined in the NIS 2 Directive and then identify opportunities for closing the gap.
Recognizing the indispensable role of a computer security incident response team (CSIRT) in maintaining a secure network environment, MHospital empowers its CSIRT to conduct thorough penetration testing on the company’s networks. This rigorous testing helps identify vulnerabilities with a potentially significant impact and enables the implementation of robust security measures. The CSIRT monitors threats and vulnerabilities at the national level and assists MHospital regarding real-time monitoring of their network and information systems. MHospital also conducts cooperative evaluations of security risks within essential supply chains for critical ICT services and systems. Collaborating with interested parties, it engages in the assessment of security risks, contributing to a collective effort to enhance the resilience of the healthcare sector against cyber threats.
To ensure compliance with the NIS 2 Directive’s reporting requirements, MHospital has streamlined its incident reporting process. In the event of a security incident, the company is committed to issuing an official notification within four days of identifying the incident to ensure that prompt actions are taken to mitigate the impact of incidents and maintain the integrity of patient data and healthcare operations. MHospital’s dedication to implementing the NIS 2 Directive extends to cyber strategy and governance. The company has established robust cyber risk management and compliance protocols, aligning its cybersecurity initiatives with its overarching business objectives.
According to scenario 2, MHospital is committed to issuing an official notification within four days of identifying an incident. Is this in compliance with the NIS 2 Directive requirements?
Which of the following disaster recovery phases places significant emphasis on training employees to effectively respond and recover from a disaster?\
Scenario 1:
into incidents that could result in substantial material or non-material damage. When it comes to identifying and mitigating risks, the company has employed a standardized methodology. It conducts thorough risk identification processes across all operational levels, deploys mechanisms for early risk detection, and adopts a uniform framework to ensure a consistent and effective incident response. In alignment with its incident reporting plan, SecureTech reports on the initial stages of potential incidents, as well as after the successful mitigation or resolution of the incidents.
Moreover, SecureTech has recognized the dynamic nature of cybersecurity, understanding the rapid technological evolution. In response to the ever-evolving threats and to safeguard its operations, SecureTech took a proactive approach by implementing a comprehensive set of guidelines that encompass best practices, effectively safeguarding its systems, networks, and data against threats. The company invested heavily in cutting-edge threat detection and mitigation tools, which are continuously updated to tackle emerging vulnerabilities. Regular security audits and penetration tests are conducted by third-party experts to ensure robustness against potential breaches. The company also prioritizes the security of customers’ sensitive information by employing encryption protocols, conducting regular security assessments, and integrating multi-factor authentication across its platforms.
According to scenario 1, SecureTech strongly emphasizes adopting a proactive cybersecurity approach, primarily focusing on preventing cyber threats before they escalate into incidents that could result in substantial material or non-material damage. Is this in alignment with the NIS 2 Directive?
Scenario 5:Based in Altenberg, Germany, Astral Nexus Power is an innovative company founded by visionary engineers and scientists focused on pioneering technologies in the electric power sector. It focuses on the development of next-generation energy storage solutions powered by cutting-edge quantum materials. Recognizing the critical importance of securing its energy infrastructure, the company has adopted the NIS 2 Directive requirements. In addition, it continually cooperates with cybersecurity experts to fortify its digital systems, protect against cyber threats, and ensure the integrity of the power grid. By incorporating advanced security protocols, the company contributes to the overall resilience and stability of the European energy landscape.
Dedicated to ensuring compliance with NIS 2 Directive requirements, the company initiated a comprehensive journey toward transformation, beginning with an in-depth comprehension of its structure and context, which paved the way for the clear designation of roles and responsibilities related to security, among others. The company has appointed a Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) who is responsible to set the strategic direction for cybersecurity and ensure the protection of information assets. The CISO reports directly to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Astral Nexus Power which helps in making more informed decisions concerning risks, resources, and investments. To effectively carry the roles and responsibilities related to information security, the company established a cybersecurity team which includes the company’s employees and an external cybersecurity consultant to guide them.
Astral Nexus Power is also focused on managing assets effectively. It consistently identifies and categorizes all of its digital assets, develops an inventory of all assets, and assesses the risks associated with each asset. Moreover, it monitors and maintains the assets and has a process for continual improvement in place. The company has also assigned its computer security incident response team (CSIRT) with the responsibility to monitor its on and off premises internet-facing assets, which help in managing organizational risks.
Furthermore, the company initiates a thorough process of risk identification, analysis, evaluation, and treatment. By identifying operational scenarios, which are then detailed in terms of assets, threats, and vulnerabilities, the company ensures a comprehensive identification and understanding of potential risks. This understanding informs the selection and development of risk treatment strategies, which are then communicated and consulted upon with stakeholders. Astral Nexus Power’s commitment is further underscored by a meticulous recording and reporting of these measures, fostering transparency and accountability.
Based on scenario 5, the CISO reports directly to the CEO of Astral Nexus Power. Is this in alignment with best practices?
Scenario 4: StellarTech is a technology company that provides innovative solutions for a connected world. Its portfolio includes groundbreaking Internet of Things (IoT) devices, high-performance software applications, and state-of-the-art communication systems. In response to the ever-evolving cybersecurity landscape and the need to ensure digital resilience, StellarTech has decided to establish a cybersecurity program based on the NIS 2 Directive requirements. The company has appointed Nick, an experienced information security manager, to ensure the successful implementation of these requirements. Nick initiated the implementation process by thoroughly analyzing StellarTech’s organizational structure. He observed that the company has embraced a well-defined model that enables the allocation of verticals based on specialties or operational functions and facilitates distinct role delineation and clear responsibilities.
To ensure compliance with the NIS 2 Directive requirements, Nick and his team have implemented an asset management system and established as asset management policy, set objectives, and the processes to achieve those objectives. As part of the asset management process, the company will identify, record, maintain all assets within the system’s scope.
To manage risks effectively, the company has adopted a structured approach involving the definition of the scope and parameters governing risk management, risk assessments, risk treatment, risk acceptance, risk communication, awareness and consulting, and risk monitoring and review processes. This approach enables the application of cybersecurity practices based on previous and currently cybersecurity activities, including lessons learned and predictive indicators. StellarTech’s organization-wide risk management program aligns with objectives monitored by senior executives, who treat it like financial risk. The budget is structured according to the risk landscape, while business units implement executive vision with a strong awareness of system-level risks. The company shares real-time information, understanding its role within the larger ecosystem and actively contributing to risk understanding. StellarTech’s agile response to evolving threats and emphasis on proactive communication showcase its dedication to cybersecurity excellence and resilience.
Last month, the company conducted a comprehensive risk assessment. During this process, it identified a potential threat associated with a sophisticated form of cyber intrusion, specifically targeting IoT devices. This threat, although theoretically possible, was deemed highly unlikely to materialize due to the company’s robust security measures, the absence of prior incidents, and its existing strong cybersecurity practices.
Based on scenario 4, which framework is StellarTech’s structured approach to managing risks aligned with?
Scenario 7:CleanHydro is a forward-thinking company operating in the wastewater industry. Based in Stockholm, Sweden, the company is dedicated to revolutionizing wastewater treatment processes using advanced automated technology aiming to reduce environmental impact.
Recognizing the paramount importance of robust cybersecurity measures to protect its advanced technologies, CleanHydro is committed to ensuring compliance with the NIS 2 Directive. In line with this commitment, the company has initiated a comprehensive employee training program. To do so, the company adheres to Sweden’s national cybersecurity strategy, which includes objectives, governance frameworks to guide strategy implementation and define roles and responsibilities at the national level, risk assessment mechanism, incident preparedness measures, a list of involved authorities and stakeholders, and coordination policies.
In addition, CleanHydro engaged GuardSecurity, an external cybersecurity consultancy firm, to evaluate and potentially improve the cybersecurity infrastructure of the company to ensure compliance with the NIS 2 Directive. GuardSecurity focused on strengthening the risk management process of the company.
The company started determining competence development needs by considering competence levels, comparing them with required competence levels, and then prioritizing actions to address competence gaps found based on risk-based thinking. Based on this determination, the company planned the competence development activities and defined the competence development program type and structure. To provide the training and awareness programs, the company contracted CyberSafe, a reputable training provider, to provide the necessary resources, such as relevant documentation or tools for effective training delivery. The company’s top management convened a meeting to establish a comprehensive cybersecurity awareness training policy. It was decided that cybersecurity awareness training sessions would be conducted twice during the onboarding process for new employee to instill a culture of cybersecurity from the outset and following a cybersecurity incident.
In line with the NIS 2 compliance requirements, CleanHydro acknowledges the importance of engaging in communication with communities consisting of other essential and important entities. These communities are formed based on industry sectors, critical infrastructure sectors, or other relevant classifications. The company recognizes that this communication is vital for sharing and receiving crucial cybersecurity information that contributes to the overall security of wastewater management operations.
When developing its cybersecurity communication strategy and setting objectives, CleanHydto engaged with interested parties, including employees, suppliers, and service providers, to understand their concerns and gain insights. Additionally, the company identified potential stakeholders who has expressed interest in its activities, products, and services. These activities aimed to contribute to the achievement of the overall objectives of its cybersecurity communication strategy, ensuring that it effectively addressed the needs of all relevant parties.
Based on scenario 7, the training provider was responsible for providing the necessary resources for training, such as relevant documentation or tools. Is this alignment with best practices?
Scenario 2:
MHospital, founded in 2005 in Metropolis, has become a healthcare industry leader with over 2,000 dedicated employees known for its commitment to qualitative medical services and patient care innovation. With the rise of cyberattacks targeting healthcare institutions, MHospital acknowledged the need for a comprehensive cyber strategy to mitigate risks effectively and ensure patient safety and data security. Hence, it decided to implement the NIS 2 Directive requirements. To avoid creating additional processes that do not fit the company’s context and culture, MHospital decided to integrate the Directive’s requirements into its existing processes. To initiate the implementation of the Directive, the company decided to conduct a gap analysis to assess the current state of the cybersecurity measures against the requirements outlined in the NIS 2 Directive and then identify opportunities for closing the gap.
Recognizing the indispensable role of a computer security incident response team (CSIRT) in maintaining a secure network environment, MHospital empowers its CSIRT to conduct thorough penetration testing on the company’s networks. This rigorous testing helps identify vulnerabilities with a potentially significant impact and enables the implementation of robust security measures. The CSIRT monitors threats and vulnerabilities at the national level and assists MHospital regarding real-time monitoring of their network and information systems. MHospital also conducts cooperative evaluations of security risks within essential supply chains for critical ICT services and systems. Collaborating with interested parties, it engages in the assessment of security risks, contributing to a collective effort to enhance the resilience of the healthcare sector against cyber threats.
To ensure compliance with the NIS 2 Directive’s reporting requirements, MHospital has streamlined its incident reporting process. In the event of a security incident, the company is committed to issuing an official notification within four days of identifying the incident to ensure that prompt actions are taken to mitigate the impact of incidents and maintain the integrity of patient data and healthcare operations. MHospital’s dedication to implementing the NIS 2 Directive extends to cyber strategy and governance. The company has established robust cyber risk management and compliance protocols, aligning its cybersecurity initiatives with its overarching business objectives.
Based on scenario 2, are the cooperative evaluations of security risks carried out in alignment with Article 22 of the NIS 2 Directive?
Scenario 8: FoodSafe Corporation is a well-known food manufacturing company in Vienna, Austria, which specializes in producing diverse products, from savory snacks to artisanal desserts. As the company operates in regulatory environment subject to this NIS 2 Directive, FoodSafe Corporation has employed a variety of techniques for cybersecurity testing to safeguard the integrity and security of its food production processes.
To conduct an effective vulnerability assessment process, FoodSafe Corporation utilizes a vulnerability assessment tool to discover vulnerabilities on network hosts such as servers and workstations. Additionally, FoodSafe Corporation has made a deliberate effort to define clear testing objectives and obtain top management approval during the discovery phase. This structured approach ensures that vulnerability assessments are conducted with clear objectives and that the management team is actively engaged and supports the assessment process, reinforcing the company’s commitment to cybersecurity excellence.
In alignment with the NIS 2 Directive, FoodSafe Corporation has incorporated audits into its core activities, starting with an internal assessment followed by an additional audit conducted by its partners. To ensure the effectiveness of these audits, the company meticulously identified operational sectors, procedures, and policies. However, FoodSafe Corporation did not utilize an organized audit timetable as part of its internal compliance audit process. While FoodSafe’s Corporation organizational chart does not clearly indicate the audit team’s position, the internal audit process is well-structured. Auditors familiarize themselves with established policies and procedures to gain a comprehensive understanding of their workflow. They engage in discussions with employees further to enhance their insights, ensuring no critical details are overlooked.
Subsequently, FoodSafe Corporation’s auditors generate a comprehensive report of findings, serving as the foundation for necessary changes and improvements within the company. Auditors also follow up on action plans in response to nonconformities and improvement opportunities.
The company recently expanded its offerings by adding new products and services, which had an impact on its cybersecurity program. This required the cybersecurity team to adapt and ensure that these additions were integrated securely into their existing framework. FoodSafe Corporation commitment to enhancing its monitoring and measurement processes to ensure product quality and operational efficiency. In doing so, the company carefully considers its target audience and selects suitable methods for reporting monitoring and measurement results. This incudes incorporating additional graphical elements and labeling of endpoints in their reports to provide a clearer and more intuitive representation of data, ultimately facilitating better decision-making within the organization.
Which change factors impacted FoodSafe’s Corporation cybersecurity program? Refer to scenario 8.
What is the maximum administrative fine that important entities may face for noncompliance with the NIS 2 Directive?
TESTED 12 Aug 2025
