312-50v13 Exam Dumps - ECCouncil CEH v13 Questions and Answers

The Mirai malware primarily targets Internet of Things (IoT) devices with weak or default credentials. Once infected, these devices become part of a botnet that the attacker controls remotely. The primary use of Mirai botnets is to perform Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks.

DDoS attacks flood a target (server, application, or network) with massive traffic, overwhelming resources and causing service outages.

Mirai gained infamy after being used in large-scale DDoS attacks, including against DNS provider Dyn, which caused widespread internet outages.

Incorrect Options:

A. MITM attacks involve intercepting communications.

B. Birthday attacks are cryptographic hash collision techniques.

D. Password attacks refer to credential brute-forcing; although Mirai uses default credentials, its main attack vector is DDoS.

Reference – CEH v13 Official Courseware:

Module 18: IoT and OT Hacking

Section: “IoT Malware”

Subsection: “Mirai Botnet and Real-World Attacks”

CEH Engage: IoT Botnet Simulation

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The Snort rule in the image is detecting suspicious bind attempts over DCERPC (Distributed Computing Environment/Remote Procedure Call), specifically targeting ports 135 (RPC) and 445 (SMB) with crafted content. The rule references CVE CAN-2003-0352.

CVE-2003-0352 is associated with the DCOM RPC vulnerability in Microsoft Windows that was exploited by the MS Blaster (also known as Lovsan) worm in 2003.

Key Indicators from the Snort Rule:

alert tcp $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $HOME_NET 135

content includes DCERPC binding pattern (|05| and |0b| with specific binary patterns)

Reference to CVE-2003-0352

Class type: attempted-admin

The MS Blaster worm exploited this vulnerability by sending a specially crafted RPC request to port 135, allowing remote code execution.

From CEH v13 Courseware:

Module 6: Malware Threats

Module 11: Session Hijacking

Discussion of historic worms and their exploit signatures, including MS Blaster.

Incorrect Options:

A. WebDav: Typically uses HTTP/HTTPS and was exploited by Nimda.

B. SQL Slammer: Targeted UDP port 1434 (SQL Server), not TCP 135/445.

D. MyDoom: Spread via email and exploited Windows file-sharing mechanisms (port 3127), not DCERPC.

Adware, or advertising supported computer code, is computer code that displays unwanted advertisements on your pc. Adware programs can tend to serve you pop-up ads, will modification your browser’s homepage, add spyware and simply bombard your device with advertisements. Adware may be a additional summary name for doubtless unwanted programs. It’s roughly a virulent disease and it’s going to not be as clearly malicious as a great deal of different problematic code floating around on the net. create no mistake concerning it, though, that adware has to return off of no matter machine it’s on. Not solely will adware be extremely annoying whenever you utilize your machine, it might additionally cause semipermanent problems for your device.

Adware a network users the browser to gather your internet browsing history so as to ’target’ advertisements that appear tailored to your interests. At their most innocuous, adware infections square measure simply annoying. as an example, adware barrages you with pop-up ads that may create your net expertise markedly slower and additional labor intensive.

Key observations in the packet capture:

Repeated 0x90 values indicate a NOP sled (No Operation instructions), commonly used in buffer overflow payloads to guide execution to the malicious shellcode.

The presence of "/bin/sh" in ASCII indicates that the attacker intends to launch a shell (command-line access) on the victim’s system once the overflow is successful.

The payload likely contains shellcode that spawns a shell, giving the attacker command-line access.

From CEH v13 Official Courseware:

Module 6: Malware Threats

Module 9: Denial-of-Service

Module 5: Vulnerability Analysis

CEH v13 Study Guide states:

“A buffer overflow exploit typically involves injecting a NOP sled followed by shellcode. The string '/bin/sh' is a tell-tale sign of shell-spawning code that aims to give the attacker command access.”

Incorrect Options:

A: There's no evidence the IDS blocked the attack—only that it logged it.

B: Creating a directory would not involve a NOP sled or spawn a shell.

C: We cannot confirm success; only the intent and method are clear.

The command C. Hping3 -S 192.168.1.1 -a 192.168.1.254 -p 22 -flood is the correct one to spoof IP addresses for anonymity during probing. This command sends SYN packets (-S) to the target IP 192.168.1.1 with a spoofed source IP (-a) 192.168.1.254 on port 22 (-p) and floods the target with packets (-flood). This way, the CEH can hide his real IP address and avoid detection by the target’s firewall or IDS12.

The other commands are incorrect for the following reasons:

A. Hping3 -110.0.0.25 --ICMP: This command sends ICMP packets (–ICMP) to the target IP 10.0.0.25, but does not spoof the source IP. Therefore, the CEH’s real IP address will be exposed to the target.

B. Nmap -sS -Pn -n -vw --packet-trace -p- --script discovery -T4: This command performs a stealthy SYN scan (-sS) on all ports (-p-) of the target without pinging it (-Pn) or resolving DNS names (-n). It also enables verbose output (-v), packet tracing (–packet-trace), and discovery scripts (–script discovery) with an aggressive timing (-T4). However, this command does not spoof the source IP, and in fact, reveals more information about the scan to the target by using packet tracing and discovery scripts.

D. Hping3-210.0.0.25-p 80: This command sends TCP packets (default) to the target IP 10.0.0.25 on port 80 (-p), but does not spoof the source IP. Therefore, the CEH’s real IP address will be exposed to the target.

MAC flooding is a Layer 2 attack in which an attacker sends a large number of fake MAC addresses to a switch, filling up its CAM (Content Addressable Memory) table. Once the table is full:

The switch enters “fail-open” mode and broadcasts traffic to all ports

The attacker can then sniff sensitive traffic

This attack effectively turns a switch into a hub, facilitating data sniffing.

Incorrect Options:

A. Evil twin is a wireless attack using rogue access points.

B. DNS cache flooding corrupts DNS entries, unrelated to Ethernet.

D. DDoS attacks are about overwhelming systems/services, not Layer 2 memory overflows.

Reference – CEH v13 Official Courseware:

Module 11: Sniffing

Section: “Switch Port Stealing and MAC Flooding”

Subsection: “Layer 2 Attacks and CAM Table Poisoning”

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PKI uses public-key cryptography, which is widely used on the Internet to encrypt messages or

authenticate message senders. In public-key cryptography, a CA generates public and private

keys with the same algorithm simultaneously. The private key is held only by the subject (user,

company, or system) mentioned in the certificate, while the public key is made publicly available

in a directory that all parties can access. The subject keeps the private key secret and uses it to

decrypt the text encrypted by someone else using the corresponding public key (available in a

public directory). Thus, others encrypt messages for the user with the user's public key, and the user decrypts it with his/her private key.

In authentication, Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) involves using more than one category of authentication factors:

Something you know (e.g., password)

Something you have (e.g., RFID badge, token)

Something you are (e.g., biometrics like fingerprints, facial recognition, gait)

In this scenario:

The RFID badge is "something you have" (a physical object).

The gait recognition (walking pattern) captured by the camera is a biometric—"something you are" (a physical characteristic).

Together, these two methods represent two distinct authentication factors, thereby implementing true multi-factor authentication.

Reference – CEH v13 Official Study Guide:

Module 5: System Hacking

Topic: Authentication Mechanisms

Quote:

“Examples of multi-factor authentication include combining biometrics (something you are) with a smart card or badge (something you have). Gait recognition is considered a behavioral biometric and falls under ‘something you are’.”

Incorrect Options Explained:

A. Incorrect — gait and RFID represent two separate factor types, not one.

C. No evidence in the scenario supports high false positives.

D. Gait analysis is a recognized biometric method and can be used for identification.

Syhunt Hybrid combines comprehensive static and dynamic security scans to detect vulnerabilities like XSS, File Inclusion, SQL Injection, Command Execution and many more, including inferential, in-band and out-of-band attacks through Hybrid-Augmented Analysis (HAST). With Syhunt's unique gray box/hybrid scanning capability the information acquired during source code scans is automatically used to create and enhance dynamic scans. All entry points are covered generating detailed information about the security level of your web applications. Available for on-premises deployment for businesses using Windows and Linux 64-bit.

Web Server Security Tools - Web Application Security Scanners The Syhunt Hybrid scanner automates web application security testing and guards the organization’s web infrastructure against web application security threats. Syhunt Dynamic crawls websites and detects XSS, directory transversal problems, fault injection, SQL injection, attempts to execute commands, and several other attacks. (P.1713/1697)

Gathering Information using Reverse Image Search Reverse image search helps an attacker in tracking the original source and details of images, such as photographs, profile pictures, and memes Attackers can use online tools such as Google Image Search, TinEye Reverse Image Search, and Yahoo Image Search to perform reverse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_injection#Blind_SQL_injection

Blind SQL injection is used when a web application is vulnerable to an SQL injection but the results of the injection are not visible to the attacker. The page with the vulnerability may not be one that displays data but will display differently depending on the results of a logical statement injected into the legitimate SQL statement called for that page. This type of attack has traditionally been considered time-intensive because a new statement needed to be crafted for each bit recovered, and depending on its structure, the attack may consist of many unsuccessful requests. Recent advancements have allowed each request to recover multiple bits, with no unsuccessful requests, allowing for more consistent and efficient extraction.

This form of testing is known as Fuzzing. Fuzzing (or fuzz testing) is an automated software testing technique that involves providing invalid, unexpected, or random data as inputs to a computer program. The program is then monitored for exceptions such as crashes, failing built-in code assertions, or potential memory leaks.

In the CEH v13 courseware and study guide:

Module 6: Malware Threats

Subsection: Malware Analysis and Reverse Engineering Techniques

CEH v13 Official Study Guide and iLabs Practical

The CEH v13 guide states:

“Fuzzing is used as a software testing technique that involves sending malformed or unexpected inputs to an application in order to detect vulnerabilities such as buffer overflows, crashes, or unexpected behavior. It is particularly useful during vulnerability assessments and exploit development.”

Thus, Fuzzing helps identify vulnerabilities due to improper input validation and is widely used in vulnerability discovery and exploit testing.

Incorrect Options:

A. Randomizing: Not a recognized security testing method.

B. Bounding: Refers to setting limits or constraints; not relevant here.

C. Mutating: Can be part of fuzzing (mutation-based fuzzing), but not the umbrella term.

ISAPI (Internet Server Application Programming Interface) filters are DLLs used to extend the functionality of Microsoft IIS (Internet Information Services). If unnecessary or outdated ISAPI filters are enabled, they can introduce vulnerabilities or backdoors that attackers may exploit to launch web server-based attacks.

From the CEH v13 Official Courseware:

Module 14: Hacking Web Servers

Section: Web Server Vulnerabilities

Subsection: Common Web Server Misconfigurations

CEH v13 states:

“Unnecessary ISAPI filters and extensions should be disabled or removed, as they may introduce unneeded attack surfaces on the web server. Attackers may exploit vulnerabilities in these filters to gain unauthorized access, execute code remotely, or escalate privileges on the server.”

This is part of a broader hardening strategy to reduce the web server’s attack surface.

Incorrect Options:

A. Social engineering involves manipulating people, not software vulnerabilities.

C. Jailbreaking refers to bypassing restrictions on mobile devices.

D. Wireless attacks are unrelated to web server software components.

One may append the comment “–” operator along with the String for the username and whole avoid executing the password segment of the SQL query. Everything when the — operator would be considered as comment and not dead.

To launch such an attack, the value passed for name could be ’OR ‘1’=‘1’ ; —

Statement = “SELECT * FROM ‘CustomerDB’ WHERE ‘name’ = ‘ ”+ userName + “ ‘ AND ‘password’ = ‘ ” + passwd + “ ‘ ; ”

Statement = “SELECT * FROM ‘CustomerDB’ WHERE ‘name’ = ‘ ’ OR ‘1’=‘1‘;– + “ ‘ AND ‘password’ = ‘ ” + passwd + “ ‘ ; ”

All the records from the customer database would be listed.

Yet, another variation of the SQL Injection Attack can be conducted in dbms systems that allow multiple SQL injection statements. Here, we will also create use of the vulnerability in sure dbms whereby a user provided field isn’t strongly used in or isn’t checked for sort constraints.

This could take place once a numeric field is to be employed in a SQL statement; but, the programmer makes no checks to validate that the user supplied input is numeric.

Variation is an evasion technique whereby the attacker can easily evade any comparison statement. The attacker does this by placing characters such as “' or '1'='1'” in any basic injection statement such as “or 1=1” or with other accepted SQL comments.

Evasion Technique: Variation Variation is an evasion technique whereby the attacker can easily evade any comparison statement. The attacker does this by placing characters such as “' or '1'='1'” in any basic injection statement such as “or 1=1” or with other accepted SQL comments. The SQL interprets this as a comparison between two strings or characters instead of two numeric values. As the evaluation of two strings yields a true statement, similarly, the evaluation of two numeric values yields a true statement, thus rendering the evaluation of the complete query unaffected. It is also possible to write many other signatures; thus, there are infinite possibilities of variation as well. The main aim of the attacker is to have a WHERE statement that is always evaluated as “true” so that any mathematical or string comparison can be used, where the SQL can perform the same.

To secure DNS infrastructure, best practices include:

B. Harden DNS Servers: Disable unused services, apply patches, implement secure configurations.

C. Use Split-Horizon DNS: Present different DNS data to internal vs. external users to prevent data leakage.

D. Restrict Zone Transfers: Prevent unauthorized replication of zone data using IP-based access control or TSIG.

E. Subnet Diversity: Place DNS servers on different subnets or networks to enhance resilience.

From CEH v13 Official Courseware:

Module 3: Scanning Networks

Module 20: Cryptography

Incorrect Option:

A: Hosting DNS on multi-purpose servers increases the attack surface and violates security best practices.