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 To use a custom exception, you can create an instance of the custom exception class and use the throw keyword to throw the exception. You can also optionally provide a custom error message or a chained exception cause as arguments to the custom exception constructor. The syntax for throwing a custom exception is:

throw new CustomException(optional_message, optional_cause);

Therefore, the options B and D are valid ways to fire the custom exception in Apex. The options A and C are invalid because they only create an instance of the custom exception class, but do not throw it. Also, the option C uses single quotes instead of double quotes for the error message, which is not allowed in Apex. References: You can find more information about custom exceptions in the Apex Developer Guide and the Apex Reference Guide on Salesforce’s official website. You can also read this blog post for a tutorial on creating and using custom exceptions.

Quick Actions are the recommended way to create records with prepopulated values in Lightning Experience. They allow the developer to define the fields and values that should be populated when the user clicks the action. They also support different layouts and visibility rules for different profiles and record types. Quick Actions can be added to the page layout, the utility bar, or the global actions menu. References:

• [Quick Actions]: Learn how to create actions to automate common tasks and enhance the user experience.
• [Create Object-Specific Quick Actions]: Learn how to create quick actions that are specific to a particular object, such as creating a contact from an account.
• [Create Global Quick Actions]: Learn how to create quick actions that are not tied to a specific object, such as creating a task or logging a call.

• Validation Rules. This is true because validation rules are a declarative way of enforcing data quality and business logic on the Salesforce objects. Validation rules can prevent users from saving records that do not meet certain criteria, such as required fields, unique values, or custom formulas1.
• Record-Triggered Flow. This is true because record-triggered flows are a declarative way of automating business processes and logic on the Salesforce objects. Record-triggered flows can perform actions such as creating, updating, or deleting records, sending emails, or calling Apex classes when a record is created, updated, or deleted2.
• Remote Actions. This is false because remote actions are a programmatic way of invoking Apex methods from Visualforce pages or Lightning components. Remote actions require writing Apex code and using the @RemoteAction annotation to expose the methods to the client-side3.
• Batch Jobs. This is false because batch jobs are a programmatic way of processing large sets of data or records in batches using Apex. Batch jobs require writing Apex code and implementing the Database.Batchable interface to define the start, execute, and finish methods of the job.

References:

• 1: Validation Rules
• 2: Record-Triggered Flows
• 3: Remote Actions
• : Batch Jobs

 The code snippet uses the ternary operator in Apex, which is a shorthand way of writing an if-else statement. The syntax is condition ? value_if_true : value_if_false. The condition is evaluated first, and then either the value_if_true or the value_if_false is returned, depending on the result of the condition. In this case, the condition is a > b, which is false, since a is 1 and b is 2. Therefore, the value_if_false is returned, which is a, which is 1. Hence, the value of x is 1. References:

• Apex Basics for .NET Developers, page 9
• [Apex Developer Guide], section “Ternary Operator”